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第10章形容词和副词
一.概念
形容词是用来修饰,描述名词或代词的词,主要用作定语,表语和补足语等.
副词是用来修饰动词,形容词,其它副词,介词短语或全句的词.
二.相关知识点精讲
1.形容词及其用法
1）直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot。
2）叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。
例如：afraid害怕的。
这类词还有：well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake等。
3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后。例如：something nice.
2.以-ly结尾的形容词
1）大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively，ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。
改错：（错）She sang lovely.
（错）He spoke to me very friendly.
（对）Her singing was lovely.
（对）He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2）有些以-ly结尾既为形容词，也为副词，如daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，early等。例如：
The Timesis a weekly paper.
《时代周刊》为周刊。
The Timesis published weekly.
《时代周刊》每周发行一期。
3.用形容词表示类别和整体
1）某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接，如the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry等。
例如：
The poor are losing hope.
穷人行将失去希望。
2）有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用，如the British，the English，the French，the Chinese等。
例如：
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
英国人颇有幽默感。
4.多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词--数词--描绘词--（大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色）--出处--材料性质--类别--名词。
这样记：县官行令宴国才
县（限定词）官（感官）行（形状）令（年龄）宴（颜色）国（国籍）才（材料）
例如：
a small round table/ a tall gray building/ a dirty old brown shirt/ a famous German medical school/ an expensive Japanese sports car
2）One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone
C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A.几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
3）---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao?
---- It was great. We visited somefriends，and spent the___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunnyB. last few sunny
C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
5.副词的位置
1）在动词之前。
2）在be动词、助动词之后。
3）多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。
注意：
a.大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。例如：
We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.
我们清楚地看到前面有奇怪的光。
b.方式副词well，badly，hard等只放在句尾。例如：
He speaks English well.
他英语说得好。
6.副词的排列顺序：
1）时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
2）方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。例如：
Please write slowly and carefully.
请写得慢一些，仔细一些
3）多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：（错）I very like English.
（对）I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。
例如：
I dont know him well enough.
他我不熟悉。
There is enough food for everyone to eat.
有足够的食物供每个人吃。
There is food enough for everyone to eat.
7.兼有两种形式的副词
1）close与closelyclose意思是"近"；closely意思是"仔细地"。
例如：
He is sitting close to me.他就坐在我边上。
Watch him closely.盯紧他。
2）late与lately
late意思是"晚"；lately意思是"最近"。例如：
You have come too late.你来得太晚了。
What have you been doing lately?近来好吗？
3）deep与deeply
deep意思是"深"，表示空间深度；deeply时常表示感情上的深度，"深深地"。
例如：
He pushed the stick deep into the mud.
他把棍子深深插进泥里。
Even father was deeply moved by the film.
老爸也被电影深深打动了。
4）high与highly
high表示空间高度；highly表示程度，相当于much。
例如：
The plane was flying high.
这架飞机飞得很高。
I think highly of your opinion.
你的看法很有道理。
5）wide与widely
wide表示空间宽度；widely意思是"广泛地"，"在许多地方"。
例如：
He opened the door wide.
他把门开得大大的。
English is widely used in the world.
英语在世界范围内广泛使用。
6）free与freely
free的意思是"免费"；freely的意思是"无限制地"。
例如：
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.
无论什么时候，我这饭铺免费对你开放。
You may speak freely; say what you like.
你可以畅所欲言，想说什么就说什么。
8.形容词与副词的比较级
大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
9.as +形容词或副词原级+ as
1）在否定句或疑问句中可用so…as。
例如：
He cannot run so/as fast as you.
他没你跑得快。
2）当as… as中间有名词时采用以下格式：as +形容词+ a +单数名词/ as + many/much +名词。
例如：
This is as good an example as the other is.
这个例子和另外一个一样好。
I can carry as much paper as you can.
你能搬多少纸，我也能。
3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在as的前面。
例如：
This room is twice as big as that one.
这房间的面积是那间的两倍。
Your room is the same size as mine.
你的房间和我的一样大。
4）倍数+ as + adj.+ as<=>倍数+ the … + of。
例如：
This bridge is three times as long as that one.
这座桥的长度是那座的三倍。
This bridge is three times the length of that one.
Your room is twice as large as mine.
你的房间是我的两倍大。
Your room is twice the size of mine.
10.比较级形容词或副词+ than。例如：
You are taller than I.
你比我高。
They lights in your room are brighter than those in mine.
你房间的那些灯比我房间里的亮。
注意：
1）要避免重复使用比较级。
（错）He is more cleverer than his brother.
（对）He is more clever than his brother.
（对）He is clever than his brother.
2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
（错）China is larger thanany countryin Asia.
（中国在亚洲，不参与比较）
（对）China is larger thanany other countriesin Asia.
3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
4）要注意定冠词在比较级中的使用。
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters.
She is the taller of the two sisters.
11.可修饰比较级的词
1）a bit, alittle, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still,even等。
2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。
3）以上词（除by far）外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。
12. many, old和far
1）如果后接名词时，much more +不可数名词，many more +可数名词复数。
2）old有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest和elder/eldest。elder，eldest只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。例如：
My elder brother is an engineer.
我哥哥是个工程师。
Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
玛丽是三姐妹中最大的。
3）far有两种比较级，farther，further。一般father表示距离，further表示进一步。例如：
I have nothing further to say.
我没什么要说了。
13. the +最高级+比较范围
1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。
例如：
The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.
撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。
形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。
例如：
It is amost important problem. =It is a very important problem.
这是个很重要的问题。
注意：使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
（错）Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
（对）Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2）下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almost。
例如：
This hat is nearly / almost the biggest.
这帽子差不多是最大的了。
注意：
a. very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best.
This is much the best.
b.序数词通常只修饰最高级。
例如：
Africa is the second largest continent.
非洲是第二大洲。
3）最高级的意义有时可以用比较级表示出来。
例如：
Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
马克是班上最聪明的。
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4）"否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构也可以表示最高级含义。
例如：
Nothing is so easy as this.
没比这更简单的了。
=Nothing is easier than this.
=This is the easiest thing.
14.和more有关的词组，
1）the more…the more…越……就越……。
例如：
The harder you work，the greater progress youll make.
越努力，进步越大。
2）more B thanA=less A than B
与其说A不如说B。
例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work.
= He is less slow than lazy at his work.
他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
3）no more…than…与……一样……，不比……多。
例如：
The officials could see no more than theEmperor.
官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
no less… than…与……一样……。
例如：
He is no less diligent than you.
他和你一样勤勉。
4）more than不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all.
她对我们非常热心。
三.巩固练习
1.The modern machine proved ______ in heart surgery.
A. high valuable B. highly valuable
C. valuable high D. valuable highly
2.Mr. Johnson and his ______ daughter do not always understand each other.
A. older B. the oldest
C. eldest D. the eldest
3.They ______ thought that the truth would be finally discovered.
A. little B. not
C. small D. bit
4.They hardly believe that the apartment which costs them $ 4,000 is______.
A. so small B. such little
C. so little D. such small
5.If a claim is kept ______, it is more likely to be recognized.
A. live B. lived
C. alive D. living
6.On his way to school he met ______, so he sent him to hospital.
A. very ill man B. much sick man
C. serious ill man D. very sick man
7.She was operated a month ago but now she was ______.
A. very good B. very well
C. healthy D. good conditioned
8.What I would do is to go ______.
A. really quietly somewhere B. somewhere quietlyreally
C. really quiet somewhere D. somewhere really quiet
9.The chairman asked ______ to write their questions on a piece of paper and send them to the front.
A. the present members B. the members presently
C. the members present D. the presently members
10. The pricewas very reasonable; I would gladly have paid ______ he asked.
A. three times much as B. three times as many as
C. as three times much as D. three times as much as
11. The trousers are ______, but Tom does not care a bit.
A. too a little small B. a little too small
C. a too little small D. a small too little
12. She wore a dress to the party that was far more attractive than______.
A. other girls B. that of other girls
C.the other girls D. those of other girls
13. he can play tennis better than ______ in the class.
A. any boys B. any other boy
C. any boy D. any other
14. Kasia is taking her ______ tour of the shops in search of bargains.
A. daily B.day
C. day time D. night
15. ______ the child expresses his interest in an activity, the stronger it will become.
A. The more frequent B. The frequenter
C. The more frequently D. the frequentlier
16. We’d better wait _______ , Peter and Tom will come very soon.
A. a little longer B. more longer
C. long D. as longer
17. Although the medicine tastes ______, it seems to help my condition.
A. bad B. badly
C. too much bad D. too badly
18. When she got her first month salary, Diana bought herself ______dress.
A. a cotton ,blue …expensive B. an expensive …blue, cotton
C.a blue, expensive … cotton D. acotton, expensive… blue
19. The doctors have tried ______ to save the life of the wounded soldier.
A. everything possible humanly B. humanly everything possible
C. everything humanly possible D. humanly possible everything
20. I was worried very much because I’ll miss my flight if the bus arrives ______.
A. lately B. late C. latter D. more later
四.答案
BCAAC
DBDCD
BDBAC
AACCB
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